When we think of arthritis, we often associate this condition with aging, picturing an elderly individual struggling with joint pain and stiffness. However, arthritis is not exclusive to the elderly.

A surprising fact that many people are unaware of is that children can also suffer from arthritis. This condition is referred to as Juvenile Arthritis (JA).

Let’s delve into juvenile arthritis, its diagnosis, and treatment options.

Juvenile Arthritis

Juvenile arthritis is not a disease in itself but a way to refer to a group of long-lasting, chronic inflammatory diseases that affect children. It affects approximately 300,000 children under the age of 16 in the United States alone.

In a healthy body, the immune system fights off harmful viruses and bacteria. However, in children with juvenile arthritis, the immune system mistakenly identifies some of the body’s cells and tissues as foreign and launches an attack against them.

The main symptoms of JA are joint swelling, pain, and stiffness. High fever, swollen lymph nodes, or a rash on the trunk may also occur in some cases of JA.

The most common type of JA is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), which has six subtypes: oligoarthritis, polyarthritis, systemic, enthesitis-related, juvenile psoriatic arthritis, and undifferentiated arthritis.

Diagnosing Juvenile Arthritis

Diagnosing juvenile arthritis can be tricky, as many conditions can cause similar symptoms, and there’s no single test to diagnose JA.

Typically, the diagnosis of juvenile arthritis involves a physical exam, medical history review, and some tests, including blood tests, imaging tests, and joint fluid tests.

Medical History Review Physical Exam

A medical history review includes questioning about the child’s symptoms, how long the symptoms have been present, and any family history of arthritis.

Physical Exam

The physical exam includes a check for swollen or painful joints, rashes, fever and a check of the range of movement of the joints.

Blood Tests

Blood tests for suspected cases of juvenile arthritis include erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and cyclic citrullinated peptide. These tests can help to detect inflammation and the presence of certain antibodies associated with arthritis.

Imaging Tests

A pediatric orthopedic doctor can also order imaging tests like X-rays, ultrasounds, or MRI to identify joint damage or inflammation. The imaging tests are also used to monitor bone development and detect joint damage even after reaching a diagnosis of juvenile arthritis.

Joint Aspiration

Joint fluid tests can also be recommended to determine if there is an infection in the joint and the type of arthritis that may be affecting the joint.

Managing Juvenile Arthritis

The management of juvenile arthritis focuses on relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and preserving joint function. Treatment options vary from medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes.

Medications

Several types of medications are typically used in the treatment of juvenile arthritis. These include:

• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): These drugs, like ibuprofen and naproxen, are often the first line of treatment for JA. They help reduce pain and inflammation.
• Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): DMARDs can slow the progression of juvenile arthritis and save the joints and other tissues from permanent damage. Methotrexate is a commonly used DMARD in juvenile arthritis treatment.
• Biologic Agents: These are genetically engineered drugs that are used to reduce systemic inflammation and prevent joint damage. Some biological agents also target various protein molecules involved in the immune response and suppress the immune system.
• Corticosteroids: Corticosteroids such as prednisone can be effective in controlling severe symptoms of JA. They might be used temporarily because of their ability to interfere with normal growth and increase the risk of infections.

Physical and Occupational Therapy

A pediatric orthopedic doctor can also recommend physical and occupational therapy to manage juvenile arthritis. Physical therapists can provide exercises that improve flexibility, maintain muscle tone, and help manage pain.

Occupational therapists can offer practical advice on managing everyday tasks without straining the joints, such as using specially designed tools or devices.

Surgical Intervention

In severe cases where medications and therapy do not suffice, surgery may be necessary. It could involve procedures to improve joint function.

Tip for Caregivers

Coping with juvenile arthritis can be challenging for both the child and the caregiver. It is essential to offer emotional support, guidance, and reassurance to the child.

Children with juvenile arthritis should be encouraged to express their feelings and concerns. Parents should offer a safe and supportive environment and encourage the child to maintain social activities, hobbies, and schoolwork.

Support groups can also be a valuable resource for children with juvenile arthritis and their families.

Pediatric Orthopedics in South Florida

Juvenile arthritis is a rare but painful disease that can significantly impact the quality of life of a child. If you think your child is having juvenile arthritis, visit us here at Total Orthopaedic Care for comprehensive evaluation and personalized treatment. Our board-certified pediatric orthopedic doctors routinely care for pediatric patients with traumatic injuries, such as bone fractures, developmental and neuromuscular conditions, and congenital defects.

If you would like to schedule a consultation with one of our providers, call our office at (954) 735-3535 or use our online appointment request form.